Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) represents one of the most complex and destructive forms of material degradation, accounting for approximately 20% of global corrosion-related economic losses . This comprehensive review systematically examines the multifaceted nature of MIC, from fundamental mechanistic understanding to advanced detection methodologies and sustainable control strategies. The electrochemical framework governing MIC involves distinct mechanisms including extracellular electron transfer (EET-MIC), metabolite-mediated corrosion (M-MIC), and biofilm-driven microenvironmental alterations . Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) emerge as primary culprits, responsible for approximately 75% of production well corrosion issues and 50% of pipeline system failures in the oil and gas sector . Recent advances in molecular biology, including multi-omics approaches (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics) and gene editing technologies, have provided unprecedented insights into corrosion-related genes, proteins, and metabolic pathways . Detection methodologies have evolved from traditional culture-based techniques to sophisticated biosensors, electrochemical monitoring, and AI-driven predictive frameworks achieving >98% detection accuracy . Mitigation strategies encompass biocides, nanomaterials, coatings, quorum sensing inhibition, and emerging enzymatic remediation approaches . The review concludes that effective MIC management requires integrated, interdisciplinary approaches combining mechanistic understanding, advanced monitoring, and sustainable control technologies.