Journal of Chemical Engineering and Energy Materials

Abstract In 2020, Cheng and his colleagues presented a paper entitled Al/Al2O3 direct bonding using transient eutectic liquid phase. In this research, they stated that ceramic base layers used in applications such as integrated circuit boards and diodes with high light emission. Directly bonded copper (DBC) layer is a ceramic layer that is widely used in electronic circuit boards for semiconductor modules, but the formation of CU2O at the interface causes a large deposition pressure. Therefore, the DBC layer has little strength against thermal cycling. Direct bonded aluminum (DBA), which uses aluminum as the metal circuit, used for ceramic layers. Although this combination not formed at the interface of ceramic and metal, but the bonded sample has good strength against thermal cycle. Khazaka et al. showed that in the work environment with thermal cycling, the DBA layer achieves better performance compared to the DBC layer. During thermal cycling tests from 55 to 250°C after 1500 cycles, no delamination of aluminum from the ceramic base metal plate observed. For conventional DBC technology, cracking or delamination occurs in DBC after 20 to 30 cycles. This improvement is due to the different plastic hardening behavior between aluminum and copper. To increase aluminum-ceramic bonding, the annealing temperature increased above the melting point of aluminum rather than the soaking effect. Increase and decrease the contact angle between aluminum and ceramic.

Abstract During the heating stage, the entire assembly placed in a furnace and its temperature increased from room temperature to below the eutectic temperature. When the assembly is heated, some solid-state penetration occurs between the interface layer and the base metal. The amount of penetration depends on several factors, including the surface roughness and cleanliness of the surface and the pressure exerted on the surface. In most cases, it expected that the amount of particle penetration of this stage is low. However, the amount of mass transferred in this step depends on the eutectic temperature, heating rate and diffusion coefficient. The longer the heating stage, the more penetration of elements that reduce the melting point in the base metal. If the heating rate is too low and the heating step is too long, the maximum concentration of the soluble element in the interlayer may be lower than its required value for melting, and therefore, by increasing the heating step too much, there may be no Do not form a liquid. After the dissolution and expansion phase, the melting point lowering elements permeate across the solid/melt interface in the base metal during an isothermal holding period. This infiltration process is similar to multiphase infiltration coupling. To maintain thermodynamic equilibrium, the melt composition at the solid/melt interface remains constant at CLα. Therefore, the composition of the melt assumed uniform throughout the width of the liquid. Since diffusion is faster in the melt than in the solid, the thickness of the melt is too thin for this assumption to consider accurate. The direction and rate of movement of the solid/melt interface should create a mass balance in the solid/melt interface, so that the direction of movement of the two solid/melt interfaces is towards the center of the connection.

Abstract The two combustion chambers are located vertically around the turbine and are connected to the turbine housing by side flanges. This type of design makes it possible to keep the inlet air from the compressor to the combustion chamber and from the combustion chamber to the turbine in one direction and causes the least relative pressure drop and relative velocity. Compressed air from the compressor entering the combustion chamber cools the outer shell of the hot gas. In addition, the symmetrical inlet and dual variable airflow results in a symmetrical temperature distribution with minimal pressure change in front of the first row of rotating vanes. Each combustion chamber consists of 8 burners (BURNER) designed for both gas and diesel fuel. Fuel burners operate in accordance with the law of reverse flow. This arrangement of the combustion chamber creates a great flexibility in the dimensions as well as the shape of the combustion system and provides a good possibility for inspection as well as the possibility of easy assembly and disassembly. Combined burners 1 cause diffusion as well as premixing of the flame and produce nitrous oxide and low carbon monoxide without spraying water and steam injection. However, a gas turbine engine can use a water or steam injection system to reduce pollution.

Abstract KKS identification codes used to identify various components in the P&I diagram, equipment list, electrical load list, instrumentation list, function diagrams, terminal diagrams, system descriptions, and other documents. In this regard, the specification of power plant units not recounted in general. In addition, as a simple rule, the 4 digits of the equipment key (for example "-S01") are not listed in P&ID. Most valves, precision measuring instruments, etc. have a NAME PLATE installed on which the complete KKS code of the instrument inserted, which also includes the unit number of the power plant. The KKS technical issues in question fully recounted to determine which equipment discussed. For example, the phrase "solenoid valve" MBA41AA010A should be used instead of the phrase "solenoid valve" operating BLOW OFF 1.2, 1.1. KKS coding used to order spare parts. The uniaxial arrangement of the turbine allows the compressor to operate directly and independently of the generator. Combustion of gas or liquid fuel done in two symmetrical combustion chambers with several burners located on both sides of the turbine. Each combustion chamber has 8 burners. Air enters the compressor through the suction channel and through filters and mufflers. In the compressor, the air pressure increases by almost 11 times. Compressed air directed to the burners (above each combustion chamber) and burned in the combustion chambers. Hot gases burned and converted into mechanical power through a turbine. The generator connected to the turbine compressor through the shaft. The electrical power generated by the generator delivered to the transformer through the generator terminals. Exhaust gases reach atmospheric pressure at an approximate temperature of 545 C through an axial diffuser. Exhaust gas enters the open air through a vertical exhaust.

Abstract Corrosion remains one of the most pervasive and economically burdensome challenges confronting modern industry, inflicting annual global costs estimated at approximately US$2.5 trillion, equivalent to 3.4% of the world's Gross Domestic Product . This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on corrosion mechanisms, mitigation strategies, and industrial applications across critical sectors including oil and gas, marine infrastructure, wastewater treatment, and civil engineering. The analysis systematically examines electrochemical principles governing corrosion thermodynamics and kinetics, establishing that while thermodynamics predicts corrosion spontaneity through Gibbs free energy calculations, kinetics determines the actual degradation rate . Key corrosion morphologies—uniform, pitting, crevice, galvanic, intergranular, stress corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion—are characterized with emphasis on their distinct initiation mechanisms and propagation dynamics. Advanced mitigation approaches are critically evaluated, including protective coatings achieving >90% corrosion reduction, inhibitor systems demonstrating >95% efficiency in controlled environments, cathodic protection methodologies, and emerging self-healing technologies based on layered double hydroxide nanocarriers that exhibit 95–99.9% inhibition efficiency . Particular attention is devoted to green corrosion inhibitors derived from renewable sources and hybrid systems combining organic and inorganic functionalities for enhanced synergistic protection. The review further examines monitoring technologies, from non-destructive testing to AI-driven predictive models achieving reliability metrics exceeding 0.85 R². It concludes that effective corrosion management necessitates integrated, multi-layered approaches bridging laboratory mechanistic understanding with field-applicable, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable solutions.

Abstract Corrosion, the electrochemical degradation of metals, remains a critical global challenge with annual economic losses estimated at 3.4-5% of GDP in industrialized nations . This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advances in corrosion science, spanning fundamental electrochemical mechanisms to innovative protective technologies. The electrochemical framework—governing corrosion thermodynamics and kinetics—is examined through the lens of recent discoveries, including the role of passive film breakdown in localized attack and the emergence of microbiologically influenced corrosion as a pervasive threat across industries . Advanced characterization techniques, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, have provided unprecedented insights into nanoscale corrosion initiation and propagation . The review systematically evaluates three transformative protection paradigms: smart self-healing coatings achieving market projections of USD 10.4 billion by 2028 through autonomous damage repair ; MOF-oligomer nanocomposites that synergistically integrate pH-triggered inhibitor release with redox-mediated passivation, demonstrating inhibition efficiencies of 75.62% and self-healing improvement of 229.67% ; and AI-driven monitoring frameworks achieving R² > 0.99 prediction accuracy for dynamic corrosion rate forecasting . Particular attention is devoted to sustainable solutions, including green inhibitors derived from renewable sources, nanotechnology-based multifunctional coatings, and integrated digital twin systems that bridge physics-based simulation with real-time IoT sensing . The review concludes that next-generation corrosion management requires convergent approaches combining mechanistic understanding, advanced materials, data-driven analytics, and environmental sustainability.

Abstract The durability of reinforced concrete infrastructure is critically threatened by cracking-induced corrosion, prompting the development of autonomous self-healing polymer-modified cementitious composites. This comprehensive review systematically examines the molecular engineering of polymer systems for concrete self-healing, focusing on the mechanistic understanding of inhibitor release kinetics and service life prediction. Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) have demonstrated remarkable efficacy, achieving up to 97% reduction in autogenous shrinkage and complete crack healing through internal curing and promoted autogenous healing mechanisms . Microbial self-healing systems utilizing bacteria-induced calcium carbonate precipitation have achieved crack healing depths exceeding 40 mm, with healing efficiency directly correlated to crack width and bacterial metabolic activity . Polymeric corrosion inhibitors incorporating functional groups (-COOH, -NH₂, -SO₃H) exhibit inhibition efficiencies exceeding 90% through chemisorption mechanisms, with the neutralizing cation critically influencing performance through distinct adsorption pathways . Smart microcapsule systems demonstrate pH-responsive release behavior, with release rates increasing at lower pH values characteristic of corrosion initiation environments . Advanced computational approaches including generalized Polynomial Chaos Expansion enable full-cycle prediction of crack healing with high reliability , while machine learning models achieve R² values of 0.9918 for autogenous healing forecasting . This review concludes that integrated molecular design, controlled release mechanisms, and predictive modeling frameworks offer transformative potential for extending concrete service life by factors of 10 or more.

Abstract Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) represents one of the most complex and destructive forms of material degradation, accounting for approximately 20% of global corrosion-related economic losses . This comprehensive review systematically examines the multifaceted nature of MIC, from fundamental mechanistic understanding to advanced detection methodologies and sustainable control strategies. The electrochemical framework governing MIC involves distinct mechanisms including extracellular electron transfer (EET-MIC), metabolite-mediated corrosion (M-MIC), and biofilm-driven microenvironmental alterations . Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) emerge as primary culprits, responsible for approximately 75% of production well corrosion issues and 50% of pipeline system failures in the oil and gas sector . Recent advances in molecular biology, including multi-omics approaches (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics) and gene editing technologies, have provided unprecedented insights into corrosion-related genes, proteins, and metabolic pathways . Detection methodologies have evolved from traditional culture-based techniques to sophisticated biosensors, electrochemical monitoring, and AI-driven predictive frameworks achieving >98% detection accuracy . Mitigation strategies encompass biocides, nanomaterials, coatings, quorum sensing inhibition, and emerging enzymatic remediation approaches . The review concludes that effective MIC management requires integrated, interdisciplinary approaches combining mechanistic understanding, advanced monitoring, and sustainable control technologies.

Abstract Computational modeling and simulation have emerged as indispensable tools for understanding corrosion phenomena across multiple length and time scales, bridging the gap between atomistic mechanisms and component-level lifetime prediction . This comprehensive review systematically examines the multiscale computational framework for corrosion research, from electronic structure calculations to continuum-scale predictive models. Density functional theory (DFT) provides quantum-level insights into corrosion inhibitor adsorption, with frontier molecular orbital analysis revealing that a lower energy gap (ΔE = ELUMO - EHOMO) correlates with enhanced inhibition efficiency through increased molecular reactivity . Reactive molecular dynamics (ReaxFF) enables tracking of chemical reactions, bond formation and breaking during initial corrosion stages, though time scales remain considerably shorter than realistic corrosion phenomena . Multiscale approaches integrating atomistic insights with finite element method have emerged, preserving grain boundary crystallography while enabling realistic large-scale simulations of corrosion-induced intergranular strain . Phase-field modeling has become a powerful mesoscale tool for simulating autonomous evolution of corrosion pits, capturing the complex interactions between electrochemical processes and mechanical deformation . Machine learning applications have revolutionized lifetime prediction, with hybrid models achieving R² > 0.99 for corrosion rate forecasting and service life prediction . The review concludes that next-generation corrosion modeling requires integrated frameworks combining physics-based mechanistic understanding with data-driven approaches.

Abstract The design of corrosion-resistant alloys for demanding applications requires predictive tools that can link molecular-scale phenomena to component-level performance across vastly different length and time scales . This comprehensive review systematically examines the multiscale computational framework for corrosion-resistant alloy design, integrating density functional theory (DFT), ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD), and phase-field modeling. DFT provides quantum-level insights into surface/adsorbate interactions, crystal structure information including lattice distortion and density of states, and formation energies essential for understanding corrosion initiation . ReaxFF MD enables dynamic simulation of chemical reactions, oxide growth, and dissolution kinetics at extended time scales, with recent studies on Ni-Cr alloys identifying three distinct voltage-dependent kinetic regimes governed by competing oxide growth, dissolution, and reprecipitation . Machine-learned interatomic potentials trained on DFT data have emerged as a bridge between quantum accuracy and atomistic-scale simulation, enabling molecular dynamics simulations of complex oxide microstructures . Phase-field modeling has matured as a powerful mesoscale technique for simulating autonomous evolution of corrosion pits and localized corrosion morphologies, with grand-potential formulations enabling efficient simulation in multiphase alloys . The integration of these approaches with thermodynamic databases (CALPHAD) and finite element methods enables prediction of microstructural evolution, stress corrosion cracking, and component lifetime . This review concludes that next-generation alloy design requires seamless coupling of quantum, atomistic, mesoscale, and continuum methods, supported by machine learning and experimental validation.

Abstract Corrosion represents one of the most pervasive and economically burdensome challenges confronting modern industry, with global annual costs estimated at approximately $2.5 trillion, equivalent to 3-4% of GDP in industrialized nations . Traditional corrosion inhibitors, including chromates, phosphates, and nitrites, have demonstrated high efficacy but pose significant environmental and health concerns due to their inherent toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulative potential . This comprehensive review systematically examines the emerging paradigm of green corrosion inhibitors derived from renewable, biodegradable sources as sustainable alternatives for metal protection in aggressive environments. Plant extracts, agricultural wastes, biopolymers, amino acids, and naturally occurring organic compounds rich in heteroatoms (N, O, S, P) and conjugated π-systems have demonstrated inhibition efficiencies exceeding 90% through adsorption-driven protective film formation . The review elucidates fundamental adsorption mechanisms—physisorption, chemisorption, and mixed-mode adsorption—governed by molecular structure, surface chemistry, and environmental parameters. Recent innovations in hybrid inhibitor systems, combining green organics with inorganic nanoparticles or metal ions, have achieved synergistic efficiencies of 92-98% through enhanced adsorption strength, barrier integrity, and multifunctionality . Advanced characterization techniques including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, and surface analysis methods are critically evaluated. Computational approaches including density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations provide mechanistic insights into inhibitor-metal interactions at the molecular level. Key challenges including performance variability, temperature sensitivity, scalability, and standardization are addressed. The review concludes that green corrosion inhibitors represent a viable, sustainable pathway for corrosion management across oil and gas, marine, and infrastructure sectors, with future progress dependent on integrated approaches combining mechanistic understanding, data-driven discovery, and field-relevant validation.

Abstract High-temperature oxidation and corrosion represent critical degradation mechanisms that severely impair the service life of metallic components across aerospace, power generation, and energy sectors, with turbine inlet temperatures in modern engines now routinely exceeding 1500 °C . This comprehensive review systematically examines the fundamental principles governing high-temperature oxidation, from thermodynamic foundations and diffusion-controlled kinetics to the protective characteristics of oxide scales. The parabolic rate law, derived from Wagner's theory of diffusion-controlled growth, provides the framework for predicting oxidation kinetics, with rate constants increasing exponentially with temperature as demonstrated by activation energies ranging from 171 kJ/mol for Ti-based refractory alloys to higher values for alumina-forming systems . The formation of protective oxide scales—primarily α-Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃—depends critically on alloy composition, with critical concentrations of Al (>5 wt.%) and Cr (>20 wt.%) required for continuous scale formation . Non-protective oxides with Pilling-Bedworth ratios substantially deviating from unity lead to rapid, often catastrophic, degradation through linear kinetics . Surface coating technologies, including thermal spray processes (HVOF, plasma spraying), diffusion coatings, and emerging high-entropy alloy coatings, have emerged as the primary engineering solution, with MCrAlY coatings forming stable α-Al₂O₃ scales and high-entropy alloy coatings demonstrating exceptional thermal stability and oxidation resistance through their unique core effects . The review concludes that effective high-temperature corrosion management requires integrated approaches combining mechanistic understanding, advanced coating technologies, and real-time monitoring.

Abstract Corrosion in Vacuum Distillation Units (VDUs) represents a significant challenge for refinery operations due to the complex nature of the feedstocks and extreme operating conditions. The VDU is responsible for processing heavy atmospheric residue under vacuum conditions to recover valuable products such as light and heavy vacuum gas oils. However, the presence of sulfur compounds, naphthenic acids, chlorides, and high temperatures promotes multiple corrosion mechanisms that can severely impact the reliability and lifespan of the unit. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the most common corrosion types in VDUs, including high-temperature sulfidation, naphthenic acid corrosion, chloride-induced corrosion, and erosion-corrosion. It identifies critical areas prone to degradation such as the furnace tubes, flash zone, vacuum tower internals, and overhead lines. Monitoring techniques such as corrosion probes, ultrasonic thickness measurements, and infrared thermography are discussed for early detection and control. Furthermore, the paper outlines key mitigation strategies including material upgrades, chemical injection programs, enhanced crude desalting, and operational improvements. A case study from a Middle Eastern refinery is presented to demonstrate the practical application of these strategies and the measurable reduction in corrosion rates. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating proactive corrosion management into the overall maintenance and reliability programs of refineries to enhance safety, reduce downtime, and improve economic performance.

Abstract Corrosion in refinery units, particularly in Naphtha Hydrotreating (NHT) and Continuous Catalytic Reforming (CCR) units, represents a significant threat to operational reliability, safety, and economic efficiency. This study presents a comprehensive data-driven analysis of corrosion behavior in NHT and CCR units based on real-time plant data, historical maintenance logs, and process parameters. Using statistical and machine learning methods, we identify key operational factors contributing to corrosion rates, including temperature, pressure, hydrogen partial pressure, and contaminants such as chlorides and sulfur compounds. Furthermore, the study evaluates the effectiveness of different mitigation strategies such as corrosion inhibitors, metallurgy upgrades, process optimization, and vapor phase conditioning in various sections of the units, including reactors, heat exchangers, furnaces, and piping systems. It investigates how operating envelopes and process excursions influence the onset and progression of localized corrosion phenomena such as pitting, erosion-corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. The findings aim to provide actionable insights for refining operators, integrity managers, and process engineers involved in asset management and corrosion control. The study further evaluates the effectiveness of various corrosion mitigation strategies including material upgrades, corrosion inhibitors, process control optimization, and predictive maintenance protocols. The findings aim to support refinery operators in making informed decisions to extend equipment life, reduce downtime, and enhance safety in high-temperature, hydrogen-rich environments.

Abstract In the present study, while identifying potential risks and classifying them according to the Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS), we determine the criteria for identifying and assessing risks qualitatively, and then by converting qualitative criteria into quantitative ones and using the FMEA technique and calculating the Risk Priority Number (RPN) and responding to high-priority risks, we control the obstacles to achieving the project goals. By carrying out this process in the oil processing unit construction project, which was carried out using the EPC method, important and risky risks were identified and controlled based on the project phases, and precise control was exercised to prevent imposing additional and possible costs on the project and creating defects in its other objectives, so that important and influential risks on key project activities were organized in the form of a risk management plan, and their future and possible consequences, which could be one of the most important factors in the failure to comply with the project implementation plan, were minimized. The results of the present study showed that approximately 43% of the losses were due to mechanical integrity failure, and this percentage was higher for losses caused by oil refinery. Of these mechanical failures, 70% were identified as a result of corrosion of process pipes, mainly due to internal corrosion. In cases where external corrosion was the cause, the cause was insulation corrosion.

Abstract Corrosion in Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) units poses significant challenges to the safety, reliability, and efficiency of refining and petrochemical operations. These units operate under high pressure and varying temperature conditions, exposing metallic equipment to aggressive environments containing corrosive agents such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), carbon dioxide (CO₂), moisture, and trace acidic compounds. The interaction of these substances with carbon steel and other commonly used materials leads to various corrosion phenomena, including uniform corrosion, localized pitting, and stress corrosion cracking. Sweet corrosion, primarily driven by CO₂, results in the formation of iron carbonate protective scales under certain conditions, while sour corrosion induced by H₂S forms brittle iron sulfide layers that exacerbate metal degradation. Additionally, microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) caused by sulfate-reducing bacteria further complicates corrosion management in LPG storage facilities. Effective corrosion control requires a multifaceted approach involving material selection, chemical inhibitors, protective coatings, and rigorous operational monitoring. Electrochemical techniques such as Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) are widely employed for real-time corrosion rate assessment. Despite advancements in mitigation strategies, corrosion remains a critical concern due to its impact on operational costs, safety hazards, and equipment lifespan. Continued research and development are essential to optimize corrosion prevention methods and enhance the durability of LPG processing and storage infrastructure.

Abstract The production of polymers, particularly PVC and its related copolymers, requires stringent control of operating conditions to minimize occupational exposure to VCM. In industrial practice, VCM synthesis is typically conducted in fully closed systems, which effectively reduce atmospheric emissions and worker exposure. Nevertheless, due to its high flammability, VCM vapor poses a significant fire and explosion hazard. Accidental releases under pressure can also result in frostbite because of rapid depressurization. Furthermore, the potential for long–range vapor dispersion necessitates rigorous control of potential ignition sources and strict adherence to process safety protocols.
In this study, a comprehensive and rigorously validated process model for VCM production was developed using Aspen Plus. The balanced process, which integrates both direct chlorination and oxychlorination routes, was simulated to determine an optimized, energy–efficient, and industrially feasible configuration. Detailed molecular kinetic models were incorporated for all major reactor units, accounting for both primary and secondary reaction pathways. The thermodynamic framework was based on the modified SRK equation of state, ensuring accurate vapor–liquid equilibrium representation for multi-component systems. Model validation against published plant-scale data showed excellent agreement in conversion, selectivity, and yield predictions. The developed simulation framework provides a robust foundation for future work on process optimization, heat integration, and safety analysis in large-scale VCM production plants.

Abstract The relationship between industrialization and rural development in the texts of developing countries has different views, so that Rajesh Chandar has emphasized the role of industrialization in the development process by expressing these views and believes that the following views have made the role of industry in development more sensitive. Industrialization in developing countries is known as a historical necessity. In this regard, due to the lack of another provable model for development, historically this claim that development requires industrialization has been accepted. Due to the minimization of the competitiveness of the agricultural sector compared to the industrial sector and the significant reduction in the price of agricultural products compared to industrial products, the trade conditions in the agricultural sector are significantly limited and the tendency towards industrialization as it is an economic fact. Even if the manufacturing and production of goods in the process of industrialization is not considered as a desirable option for the development of the agricultural sector, the trend towards industrial activities can be a source of encouragement for the economic development process as a complement to the agricultural sector.

Abstract Corrosion in Naphtha Hydro treating (NHT) units poses a significant challenge to the long-term reliability and economic performance of petroleum refineries. These units operate under severe conditions—high temperatures, elevated hydrogen pressures, and the presence of corrosive species such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), organic acids, and chlorides—which create an aggressive environment for materials of construction. This study investigates the key operational factors that influence corrosion rates in an NHT unit using a six-month dataset from a hypothetical refinery scenario. Data collected includes reactor temperature and pressure, feed sulfur content, amine inhibitor dosage, and field-measured corrosion rates from corrosion coupons installed in critical locations. Statistical analysis revealed strong positive correlations between corrosion rate and both feed sulfur content (r = 0.81) and reactor temperature (r = 0.74), while amine inhibitor dosage showed a moderate inverse relationship (r = -0.66). A multiple linear regression model was developed to predict corrosion rate as a function of these parameters, with an R² value of 0.83, indicating high predictive accuracy. Corrosion hotspots were identified at the reactor inlet and in the cold zones of heat exchangers, suggesting the need for targeted monitoring and material upgrades in those areas. The study concludes that optimizing feed quality, maintaining appropriate inhibitor dosing, and deploying real-time corrosion monitoring can significantly mitigate corrosion risk. The findings provide a quantitative foundation for corrosion risk assessment in NHT units and offer actionable insights for improving operational safety and asset longevity in hydro processing environments.